Feminism Womens Status in Higher Education - 1448 Words

Throughout human history, customs derived from mythical and religious social traditions have provided cultural explanations regarding the evolution of the roles of men and women and the variations between the structures of the lives of the sexes (Sapiro 28). Although many see America as a country of equal opportunities for all, including women, most forget the struggle and hardship thousands faced to earn this God-given right. Professor Barry Bull of Indiana University speculates on the current infrastructure of American society: â€Å"If we do not expect this institution to treat citizens fairly in these various roles, the hope that we will be able to achieve anything like a recognizably just society is significantly undermined† (Bull 1).†¦show more content†¦Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), eighteenth-century English writer, philosopher and advocate of women’s rights shared Blackwell’s beliefs that society as a whole would greatly benefit if women rece ived equal treatment and respect. Wollstonecraft concentrated her efforts in the fight for equality of women in the field of politics (Feminist Interpretations and Political Theory 37). Wollstonecraft concerned herself with refining women’s existence socially and politically through further distinguishing the distinctions between men and women in both the private and public sphere (37). Wollstonecraft saw the power and authority held by men in private spheres as well as in the sphere of politics as socially developed entirely (38). Similar to Wollstonecraft’s position, philosophers during the time of Enlightenment argued the artificiality of political authority among women, based on the premise that the natural authority between the sexes within the family structure blighted the authenticity of political authority among women (38). The governing ethic of conjugality dictates the treatment of women as wives, mothers and sexual partners (38). Obstacles such as these cont radict any progression made by political reform (40). As higher education became a prominent aspect of life in America, women’s education faced restricting ideologies which interpreted women’s mindsShow MoreRelatedWhen Thinking About Women’S Movements, One Is Likely To1115 Words   |  5 Pagesthinking about women’s movements, one is likely to associate them with an event that has taken place in either the United States or Canada. Nevertheless, it is evident that women s movements have historically occurred across the globe. Often, however, individuals do not take this into consideration when thinking about how these types of movements have had an influence on society in the 21st century. While reading the article: Political Culture, Catalan Nationalism, and the Women’s Movement in EarlyRead MoreGender Education, Work, And Society1394 Words   |  6 Pages Gender in Education, Work, and Society GMGT 1010 Siwei Cai 7790633 â€Æ' Inequality between male and female existed from the beginning of human civilization and still not be solved in today’s modern society. Discrimination is coming from social classes, and people always look down upon others in lower level. Although women are doing well in education and schooling, they are still facing inequality in work and society. So women will be in lower classes and be discriminated. The governmentRead MoreFeminist Student Culture And The Issues Of Postsecondary Education946 Words   |  4 Pagesstudent culture and the issues in postsecondary education. First, the paper reviews the various definitions and movements surrounding feminism. In addition, the paper analyzes the perspectives of women and men and whether they support or are against feminist student culture. Lastly, the paper discusses recommendations and future research for student affairs professions to maintain feminist student culture in higher education. Understanding feminism Feminism in the United States is often separated intoRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Trifles By Susan Gillespe Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pagescreative source to human life† (Women’s History in America Presented by Women s International Center). In the play, Trifles, by Susan Gillespe illustrates how women pay more attention to the little aspects of a situation then men do. In the film, Thelma and Louis, they both live two different worlds but realize nobody would believe women base on the circumstances. â€Å"Women were long considered weaker than men and unable to perform work requiring muscular development†. (Women’s History in America PresentedRead MoreIn The Ancient World, Little Efforts Were Made To Protect1592 Words   |  7 Pagesvote, access to higher education and suffrage. These are some of the fundamental rights enjoyed by men in the society. In a bid to advocate and campaign for these rights, feminism was born. By definition, feminism is social and political movements which unified women around a number of issues which affected them. Spearheaded by feminists, these movements campaigned for women’s rights highlighted above among others. They have worked towards promoting historical changes for women’s rights and theirRead MoreFeminism And Women s Suffrage Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism is a critique of patriarchy, on the one hand, and an ideology committed to women’s emancipation on the other. The feminist movement can be see mainly in 3 stages in the UK. It can be argued that feminism had its day due to lack of momentum behind a third and fourth stage of its movement resulting in a decline of feminism in this generation. In this essay, I will be focusing more attention on the first and second waves of feminism compared to third stage of feminism. The first wave of feminismRead MoreWomen During The Imperial Period Essay1638 Words   |  7 Pagesexamine how these changes in the political, economic and familial structures simultaneously gave rise to feminism in China and stifled it. I will first give a brief overview of the history of the role of women over the imperial period to the communist revolution to the modern day Chinese society. I will also break down the political, economic, and social factors that both shaped and stifled feminism. Finally, I will examine the challenges modern Chinese women still face. Throughout the imperial periodRead MoreEssay about The Facets of Womans Studies783 Words   |  4 Pagesinterdisciplinary academic field devoted to topics concerning women, gender and feminism; exploring our gender existence, how we perform femininity and masculinity and how this interacts with other aspects of our identities, such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and sexuality. Women’s studies emerged in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s as a concerned women being misrepresentation and trivialization in the higher education curriculum and as well as being excluded from many positions of power authorityRead MoreFeminism Of Different Cultures : Women Without Liberation Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism in Different Cultures: Women without Liberation Living in America, women’s rights are known as a sort of liberated revolution, whereas in other countries across the globe, the simplistic idea of self-importance in women is non-existent. For generations, harmful cultural practices have challenged feminist activists to conjure up a plan of action in the aid to help those women suffering in these countries. â€Å"In feminist legal studies, culture is often viewed as a deviation from the path ofRead MoreA Womans Journey Essay1336 Words   |  6 Pages The old definition for feminism was defined as working towards an overall goal as a group, to achieve economic and political power. Today, this new definition no longer holds true, because many women are misrepresented and confused by many new definitions of feminism. This confusion has created womens ability to take matters into her own hands, and follow her own goals and inspirations-whatever they may be. The first wave of the womens movement started when Abigail

Essay on The Reality of Human Cloning - 667 Words

The Reality of Human Cloning As aptly put by Rosa Beddington, the word â€Å"clone† has become one of the most emotive of all the terms coined by scientists which have entered popular vocabulary. I shall add another, and that will be the phrase â€Å"Dolly the sheep†. The conception of Dolly, the â€Å"baby† of scientist Ian Wilmut and his team has opened the possibility of cloning humans. The mention of Dolly brings to average the person, haunting connotations of â€Å"future replicas of living megalomaniacs and the resurrected dead†. Indeed, Dolly has provided misconceptions about cloning, which, to a certain extent is skewed. Deliberate cloning is as old as horticulture itself and is nothing new. It has yielded numerous benefits, particularly in†¦show more content†¦The questions are endless. Predicting the future of human cloning at present is indeed futile as it will only yield more needless speculations. As much as I recognize the dangers of human cloning, I see the hoo- ha of human cloning a matter of perspective and time frame. All the attention given it is a passing phase. Ever since the advent of the industrial revolution, mankind has demonstrated his unquenchable thirst for discovery through science and technology. The fields of medicine, computing, electronics were founded because of research done by numerous groups of people who wanted to find more answers to unexplained phenomena and to cure, solve and discover. A few centuries back, no one thought that tuberculosis could be cured but it subsequently could. The uproar of test tube babies by ethical and religious groups when the first of such babies was born was deafening. Through the years, such ethical groups had other concerns to contend with, examples being the euthanasia and organ transplants. All these scientific breakthroughs involved human lives. Despite the obvious differences, the possibility of human cloning can be said to be just another â€Å"concern† in the ever progressing field of science, with many other concerns to come. When science produces another breakthrough which proves more shocking than human cloning, people will shift their attention and fear to that something else and human cloning will be passà ©. Do not get me wrong, I am a stronglyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Human Cloning Can Make Immortality a Reality4036 Words   |  17 Pagesdebate on cloning. The March edition of the Life Extension Foundation’s (LEF) magazine vocally calls for American citizens to write to their Senators and stop an anti-cloning bill from passage through both Houses (See Figure 1.) While the public argues over short-term questions – such as what is the definition of cloning, at what point does life begin, and is cloning bad – we must examine the hidden future potential and consequences of therapeutic cloning. Scientists’ direct contact with cloning technologyRead MoreThe Debate Over Human Cloning Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pages Human cloning, an unknown wonder to the universe the world has yet to unfold. The idea of cloning can be a dream to some and others not so much, there’s just endless possibilities when it comes to cloning. With the thought of cloning humans comes reality and other things that can cause issues or keep the experiment stagnant. â€Å"Reality† includes the process of cloning humans, types of cloning, products of cloning, cost, and also ethical issues. Besides the issues and reality part of cloning, thisRead MoreShould Cloning Be Allowed?1440 Words   |  6 Pagesunmatched by any other. Though science fiction tends to bend reality to fit a story, human cloning is becoming a feasible practice. Recently there has been a successful cloning of a sheep, so scientists start to speculate the different uses of cloning human embryos. The three forms of cloning that stand out are reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning, and cloning for scientific research. Cloning should be permitted, but only reproductive cloning should be permitted with a limit on the number of babiesRead MoreThe Invention Of An Achievement And Left Alone983 Words   |  4 Pagesprogressively been making steps forward in cloning whether it be humans, animals or most recently stem cells. With all these advancements in cloning it leaves people with many uncertainties regarding the morality, results and ethics behind all of it. Regardless of the uncertainties science continues to proceed with studies and experiments; what used to be something only heard of in science fiction books or movies is now a reality. Even though it’s now reality, is it something that should be pursuedRead MoreShould Cloning Be Researched?1135 Words   |  5 Pagesdebated by scientists was whether or not cloning should be researched. When anyone even mentions the word â€Å"cloning†, they think of all the benefits and cures that the media has portrayed the research for cloning will bring. Although, this belief is nowhere near the reality of the situation. The research for cloning not only pushes the ethical boundaries, but they also threaten the circle of life by trying to be god. Before even considering whether or not cloning should be researched or not, peopleRead MoreThe Morality Of Genetically Modified Animals For The Purpose Of Pharming And Xenotransplantation879 Words   |  4 Pagesgenetically modifying animals for the purpose of pharming and xenotransplantation: the potential benefits and the reality. Although genetic modification of mammals carries promises of being able to use said modified mammals as a source of materials used in pharmaceuticals or creating mammalian species with organs that can be transplanted in humans, the reality is that reproductive cloning in mammals has a low success rate. Because of the high demand for organs including hearts, livers, and kidneysRead MoreEssay on Facts of Cloning1032 Words   |  5 Pagesethical implications. With all of the reporting on Dolly, the news media only spoke of one type of cloning and that is reproductive cloning. This may be the most popular type of cloning known in society, but there are two others used in the scientific community. The two types are, recombinant DNA cloning (DNA cloning), and therapeutic cloning. The type of cloning used for Dolly was reproductive cloning, which is, a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another animalRead MoreThe Controversial Scientific Breakthroughs Has Been The Success Of Cloning1499 Words   |  6 Pagesthe success of cloning. Ever since the creation of â€Å"Dolly† the sheep at Roslin Institute, there has been increased debates on whether scientists should bump up a notch and try to clone a human. Biotechnology and science evolves day by day. New inventions and discoveries play an important part in order for a breakthrough in science. Scientists are eager to study and dig deeper into the mysteries of life, to them experimenting with cloning is a major step in fully understanding the human body and itsRead MoreCloning Is Morally Wrong?1400 Words   |  6 PagesCloning has been identified in two ways – Reproductive cloning and Therapeutic cloning. In reproductive cloning, â€Å"the created embryo is impla nted into a human womb, leading to the birth of a human being† . Alternatively, therapeutic cloning creates human beings in embryo form, but the embryos are used for experimentation and eventually destroyed. Both ‘therapeutic’ and ‘reproductive’ cloning techniques create human life. I believe that life is sacred from conception, and must be valued. The embryoRead More America Needs More Cloning Essay examples1350 Words   |  6 PagesNeeds More Cloning Each day there are numerous automobile accidents on highways. Many people are critically injured, but sadly, it is often easier to repair the automobile. It can be fixed using spare parts. Human drivers and passengers do not have that luxury (Mooney and Mikos, 1999). In this situation, cloning could help. There has been much debate on the issue of cloning, ever since the famous sheep, Dolly, was cloned from a mammary cell. Since that first development of cloning, there

Economics Sports economics

Introduction Every organization and every event needs to be structured properly for successful completion and evaluation. Whether it is business or sports, the appropriate structure and the framework is to be adopted properly with the correct attainment of features. MLS is Major League Soccer which is a professional league of Soccer in United States and Canada. The league is one of the sports league in USA and it comprises of 19 teams among which, 16 teams are from US and 3 teams are from Canada. The League is founded in the year 1993 and this league is affiliated and sanctioned by US Soccer Federation. The teams can play in other major cups also like US Open Cup, Canadian Champion ship, CONCACAF Champions league. Instead of the initial financial and operational problems in the first few years and there were some major transformations at that period. After the changes, MLS has expanded in terms of financial and structural attributes and with the specific objective by the owners, the evolution has been incurred perfectly (Cairns, et al, 1990). Instead of the different owners for the different teams, MLS works as a single entity and each team is owned and controlled by the leagues investors. These investors or operators control their teams just like the owners control their teams in other major leagues and thus t he organizational structure and the different business and economical attributes are also different for the MLS. Here the different business proposition and attributes with the economic and management perspective are discussed and analysed and those will help to understand the restructure the future strategies or different future framework for MLS (Cairns, et al, 1990). Organizational structure of MLS MLS follows a unique structure among all the leagues present in North America. MLS is operated by single body structure. All the clubs who have joined with MLS are considered as the part of business entity. There is only a single ownership present for the existing clubs within MLS. All the existing clubs under the league are operated and controlled by the league itself. The existing clubs under the league can operate independently and they can organize their operation independently. The activities which are done by the front office are considered as the accountability of the club. The Board of Directors are also considered as the accountability of the league. The major shareholder group or the owners belong to the league itself. The company is recently adopting the expansion strategy by adding more clubs under the league. There is a culture among the league to share the revenue and profits among the clubs of the league. Presently, the league consists of 19 clubs out of them 16 clubs belong to USA and the remaining 3 belong to Canada. Though the clubs get the opportunity to run the daily operation independently but the control lies in the hand of the league itself. In case, the contracts between the players are required to be reviewed and even in case of establishing new contracts the league will take every decisions. The players contracts are made centrally and the clubs cannot take any decisions regarding this. The Major League Soccer maintains a franchise model in which the clubs under the Major league Soccer are accountable to provide franchise fees to the league. Generally, the North American clubs enjoy more liberty than the European clubs but, Major Soccer League is known as the one vital exception. The player Union consists of the labours of five different leagues and those are The National Football League Players Association, The National Basketball and Hockey Association, The major league soccer association and finally the Major League Basketball playe rs Association forms the labour Union. The economic and financial integration are happened by the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) among the players of the clubs and the leagues. The CBA process lasts for five years and the process of re-negotiation among the players and the league owners can create a hindrance in the progress of the organization. The organization structure can be observed from the view point of productivity and the productivity of the league comes from two distinct bases and those are, the team base and the league base. First the club owners used to develop the skills and strengths for their players but any individual club is unable to produce long term profits. The second stage of organizational production function then consists of the league structure and performance (Demmert, 1973). Literature on sports economics in respect of MLS There are two dimensions present in the sports economics which signifies the level of competition in the sports market or the rules and regulations adopted by the sports market. The first dimension is related to the labour market where the movement of the players are highly regulated and the second dimension is the regulation implemented in the finance market. The finance market refers to that market which signifies the revenue collection either individually or collectively (Kesenne, 2010). The central body has the power to collect and distribute the revenues among the existing clubs. The two-dimensional model can provide four possible outcomes. Source: The sport business future (Aaron C.T. Smith) The revenue collection may be done by the competitor team and can be retained by them without distributing the revenue amount. The two dimensional framework which can raise four different types of possibilities can be shown by the above diagram. The 1st quadrant in the above diagram represents the free market where the finance market and the labour market are unregulated in nature (Cairns, et al, 1990). The home team is responsible for collecting the revenue but for example, the television promotions can be managed by the individual clubs. The quadrant two represents the unregulated type of labour market and the regulated type of finance market. Whatever the revenue will come can be used to redistribute those among the poorly structured clubs and teams but in this system the players would have the choice to choose the clubs where they want to play. The quadrant 3 represents the regulated labour market and the regulated finance market and this is considered as the mostly regulated and tight market scenario. Quadrant four finally, represents the unregulated finance and restricted labour market. The players contribution should be equally distributed and the talent of the players will also be equally distributed among the participating team (Rascher, 2012). The sources of revenues are generated in the North American context from different broad sources and those are selling of the tickets, second source is the facility based revenue which signifies that with the improved facilities the demand of the games would be increased and thus sports expenditure would also increase. The concept of transfer payment does not present in the context of North America and most of the leagues encourage prohibition of selling the players for cash (Cairns, et al, 1990). The ticket sales along with the fees for media rights, television and broadcasting rights etc are the major sources of the revenues of the company. The leagues have evaluated new form of earning revenues including the premium ticket selling, by introducing the luxury boxes and by introducing the club seats. The club seats refer to the special seating arrangement which is arranged in a special area of the club. The premium tickets are sold almost two to four times more than the normal ticket prices. Sponsorship is another source of obtaining revenue by the league (Sloane, 2006). In the sports economics it is argued about which objective a firm or a lunge should follow. One objective is the profit maximization objective which is considered as the basic objective of any economy. The second objective is the utility maximization objective which is required for the long term development of an organization. For determining the price of the tickets the league depends on the long term objectives of the business. The wages that are required to offer to the employees also depend on the broader objective of the organization. Most of the economists have observed that American leagues are dependent on the utility maximization approach. For satisfying the needs and requirements of the stakeholders of the leagues the leagues follow the profit maximization objectives as the profit maximization is the prime objective of any organization (Ferguson, et al, 2001). For the clubs under MLS winning the match will always signify a prestigious issue. Every league will prefer a wealt hy and prestigious franchise house. The clubs are therefore needs to apply a equilibrium market structure where the prices and the wage level would be fixed in accordance to both the profit maximizing objective and the utility maximizing objective. The economic effect of the sports lies in the broader sense and many economists have argued that, the introduction of new stadiums are not able to generate the economic welfare to the local areas but in the broader sense the soccer can introduce economic welfare on the country basis. Business Management within MLS The Major League Soccer is one of the major games or sport activity within US as stated before and this league is followed by a numerous number of people within the region. The average attendance is also higher than the attendance in NBA and other sports. The league has been profitable from the time of demonstrating single entity ownership structure within the league. The umbrella marketing and media and advertising scenario has also helped to demonstrating profits for the company. The league has developed the infrastructure for the stadiums and the play grounds and with them, more advertisement or ownerships has expanded. The league is now being shown in ESPN network with a long term seal signed and MP and Silva is also appointed with a partnership right for the television broadcasting. The league is also being sponsored by Adidas and many more company and also most every team has a separate sponsor for them. These also help to increase the profitability and the business structure f or the Major League Soccer. The teams are operated separately and for each team, there is an operational or business partner present within the league. Few teams have acquired also breakeven in the year 2012 and according to Forbes, the teams will be also more profitable due to the increase in soccer and the league within the people. The league also control costs by introducing the share revenues among the franchises and holds player contracts despite of players being contracted by the individual teams. The business strategy of the league is more concentrated into holistic marketing rather than individualistic marketing. The Major League Soccer is a private business entity and it does not publish the revenue or the share details to the public (Demmert,1973). So the public disclosure and the business strategy are more concentrated with the single entity ownership business approach and this will include the future consideration and policies for profitable league operations. Assessment of organization performance and structure in MLS IN the other major leagues like La Liga, BPL, Bundesliga etc. the organizational structure is more into perfect competition status and the owners of the clubs are also into individualistic approach. The leagues are bounded by the owners and their funding as the owners also find high risks attached with the operation of the clubs (Dietl and Lang, 2008). If an owner wants to direct the risk or the liquidity to other options, they are limited. No individual club owner is economically viable to approach or invest in other forms of business with the up growing risks attached to the club in those leagues other than selling the club. Thus specific league status and to safeguard the investors into the leagues, a different framework or process ne implied and applied with the leagues. The hold u risks and the cost to the owner are sometimes great and thus the leagues are also affected by the owners and stakeholders decisions (Szymanski and Ross, 2007). Therefore, classical form of the leagues can be more implemented and addressed as the value chain would be more under unified ownership and the owners can distribute the risks with associated teams for getting better performance and better stability within the leagues. An alternative business organization and organizational structure of vertical integration can be implemented within perception. The value chain can be more admired with the forward integration for the activities like team development into cup run or championship production. The back ward integration can be also seen as the introduction of the league owners into the leagues (Dietl and Lang, 2008). In the Major League Soccer of US, there is a single entity for commencing the league strategies and objectives and for doing that, voting is taken. The democratic issues within the League are more into accessible and adoptable rather than the other leagues. The participants are the club owners and they are more into owning the league rather than owning the single club. In this organizational structure, the risk is less and the clubs can be more prosperous with the perfect competition and endeavours attained by the owners (Downward and Dawson, 2000). This business consideration is unique and the owners do have the risks distributed within the clubs equally. There are also proper policies and rules to distribute the wealth or salary among the players. Apart from the designated player, core players or key player policies, all the players are in the same league or in the same salary caps. The team owners are also responsible for structuring the league with the financial and management pr ocesses and thus these improvements are to be observed within the Major League Soccer in US. There are also proper training and development activities which are integrated within the Major League Soccer and these helps to improve or emerge new young players within the soccer world. There is additional advertisers or fundraisers present in the league to introduce funds for the development and achievement of the league (Vrooman, 1995). Discussion and conclusion The above discussion of the events is examined by different frameworks and different techniques to understand the impact of the Major League Soccer in US with the appropriate relevance to the structure of the league. As seen from the discussion, the structure and organizational framework is different from the other major leagues and the league organization and proposition is also different from the others. The Major League Soccer is organized on the single entity and the owners own the league rather than the clubs individually and this activity is better in some points of organizational strategies (Dietl and Lang, 2008). The major change or difference is in the light of structure and strategies with the business orientation. The clubs are also been equally judged and synchronised by the owners and the league organization committee is responsible as the central authority for the teams and the players (Downward and Dawson, 2000). This structure implies the appropriate distribution of p ower and risks. But it is also responsible for the delaying of decisions or strategic implementation of the policies. As per the voting or decision taking rights, the single entity league structure is more adoptable and suitable to justify fair chance and structure of the leagues. But the salary caps or the decisions are to be more lenient or at par with other major leagues and the players and the clubs are to be more adjustable with the requirement. Other than that, no permanent restructuring is needed to be emphasised within the Major League Soccer.

Foundations of Couples - Marriage - and Family

Question: Discuss about the Foundations of Couples, Marriage, and Family. Answer: Introduction: face a range of ethical conflict during their daily work. No matter where they function in their roles, they are faced with ethical decisions that can affect them as well as their patients. Ethical conflict in healthcare and nursing is ranked as the top ethical challenge facing health care today. Ethical dilemma occurs when a person is not able to act on ones ethical choice. Therefore, constraints interfere with acting in a way that an individual believes to be right. According to Canadian Nurse Association, ethical conflict is a situation where nurses cannot fulfill their ethical duty thus failing to pursue their right course of action (In Lundy, In Janes, Lundy, 2016). Ethics involves doing well and not causing harm. Nurses encounter many ethical issues in their workplace. The ethical conflict that happens in their day-to-day work entails them making a decision (Harvey Land, 2016). The decisions they make are affected by many factors including principles, values, as well as exper iences. Harry Nelson is a patient who is ailing from end-stage cancer. He is receiving palliative care at his home where he has brought up his family. Harry has not prepared an advanced care directive, and his condition is worsening, and he is aware that his death is imminent. Harry wishes to die in his home, but his daughter Stacey is stressed because of his fathers condition. Therefore, she calls an ambulance because she believes his father can live longer if he receives further treatment. When the palliative care crew gets at Harry Nelson home, they find considerable conflict, and this becomes complex on how to solve it. Harry has the desire to stay at home, and on the other hand, Stacey wants him to go to the hospital for further treatment. The ambulance transports Harry because according to its guidelines, Harry meets the criteria of medical treatment and transport. Therefore, Harry is taken to hospital despite his objections. According to the case study above, it is clear that there is a considerable conflict. Critical medical issues like Harry Nelson condition involve far-reaching decisions about the life and the death of a severely sick patient, and this is very challenging for the healthcare staffs. Furthermore discussing such serious decisions with the patient becomes impossible due to their stubbornness thus resulting in an increased need to communicate with the relatives or legal representative. Trust and confidence, therefore, become challenged thus inviting conflict. According to the case study, the considerable conflict occurred between the palliative care and Harry Nelsons daughter Stacey in the matter of whether or not to limit the life-sustaining treatment and the patients death due to Harry Nelson wish to stay at home. Principles of healthcare ethics According to the actions of the palliative care crew, they acted in accordance to the relevant principles of healthcare, code of ethics as well as the code of conduct in healthcare professional. According to research, critical medical issues present the major ethical theories and application in healthcare as part of the foundation for the study of ethics. The foundation shows how principles are used in healthcare and how they are applied in care of ethical conflict. The principles that are commonly used in healthcare ethics are non-maleficence, beneficence, and autonomy. The nurses use these principles to make decisions in case of serious illness in patients like that of Harry Nelson. This principle relates to the first ethical requirement in healthcare that procedure done by any healthcare professional should not harm the patient or others in the community. In healthcare ethics, there is no clear evidence whether a health care professional want to do harm or avoid doing harm. Nevertheless, the debate comes in when we consider the word harm. Different ethical theories give the various meaning of harm. For example, a deontologist would define harm as that which prevents people from performing their duty or that, which is opposed, to the formal condition of moral law. On the other hand, a consequentiality would define harm as that which prevents the good thus leading to less good. However, in healthcare, harm is that which worsens the condition of a patient (Evans, 2017). In many fields, they may say harm include pain, inconvenience, expense or even discomfort. Nevertheless, in healthcare settings, harm is considered physical harm. According to the case study, the palliative care crew acted in non-maleficence. The crew did not mean to harm Harry Nelson despite his wish to stay at home. First, his health was deteriorating, and therefore, it is the duty of the healthcare crew to look after him without neglecting him. Even though in clinical setting non-maleficence can occur due to negligence and as a violation of autonomy, a patient needs to have a legal document that specifies what actions should be taken for their health (Maville Huerta, 2013). In harm as a violation of autonomy, a patient may elect not to receive treatment because of their condition as they are aware they are about to die. Therefore, imposing treatment on a person who desires to lose life quality then it is wrong. According to the case study, Harry is very weak and fully aware that his death is nearing thus he wishes to remain at home with no further treatment and die in his home. However, the palliative care crew transports him against his w ill upon his daughters insistence. This, however, is not wrong because the crew was taking Harry to the hospital for further treatment they did not mean any harm. Second, Harry had not prepared an advanced care directive. Therefore, their actions are not questionable as they acted in best of interests and reasonable decision (Smith, 2016). Beneficence principle advocates that any performance should be done with the intention of doing well for the patient. It demands that healthcare staffs develop and maintain skills and knowledge, considers the circumstances of all patients and strive for overall benefit. Beneficence involves more than just avoiding harm (Dossey, Keegan, In Barrere, 2016). It involves a level of altruism that is not present from just refraining from harm. The healthcare ethical guideline of having to involve in beneficent acts means that the healthcare professionals are ethically required to take optimistic steps to assist the patients. Concerning the ethical theories, the principle advocates for the maximum good for an utmost number just as the principle of consequentialism (Shafer-Landau, 2012). The beneficence principle is important in healthcare ethics and therefore, ethical egoism, which is the belief that our basic obligation is a virtue, is not connected from healthcare (Maville Huerta, 2013). Therefore, in the case study, the healthcare professionals transported Harry to the hospital because they wanted to help him. They did not hold the negligent or deficient action to perform a beneficent act. Healthcare workers are expected to portray the act of kindness and courtesy as it is part of the common morality of healthcare. Nevertheless, the principles of beneficence together with non-maleficence are not sufficient in healthcare actions due to the people who defined harm and good. Many patients are ignorant of why physicians are doing certain treatments n them. This is evident in the case study, as Harry does not want any further treatment thus having self-interest of just staying at his place and having a wish of dying at his own home. Therefore, the palliative care crew who is avoiding harm has no say in Harry Nelson wish. However, according to (Tobin, 2012) competent patients have the assertion of making decisions for themselves, which now brings the conflict of Harry being taken to the hospital and his desire to stay at home. Thus, due to the inadequacy of the two principle health professional can include the principle of Autonomy in their decisions concerning a patient who has a critical condition. This principle necessitates that the patient has the sovereignty of intent, deed, as well as thought when making verdict concerning healthcare procedures (Fletcher, 2015). Therefore, the decision taken must be free of coaxing for the patient to makes fully choice. In addition, the patient must be aware of the risks and likelihood of success in the procedures. However, in most times when a patient is in a critical condition, it is always difficult t expect the patient to operate under fully informed consent. In the case study, Harry has the right to make any decision he wants without anyone going against him. On the other hand, the palliative care crew has the obligation of acting a way that benefits Harry without harming him. Therefore, due to the conflict of his desire and the best interest of the palliative crew, the healthcare professionals should be considerable in extending Harry Nelson quality life by doing further treatment. However, Harry is competent and understands that his condition is critical and he is aware that his death is about to happen and that is why he does not want any further treatment. This makes it difficult for the palliative crew to decide whether to act upon Harry or upon his daughter insistence. It is therefore at this point the principles of healthcare ethics non-maleficence, beneficence and autonomy are important for the healthcare professionals in making decisions in any healthcare conflict. Professional Code of Ethics Since 1953, the code in healthcare has served as the standard for nurses globally (In Capuzzi In Stauffer, 2015). The code of ethics for nurses is a channel for action based on social standards and morals. The code of ethics makes it clear that inherent in nursing is respect for human rights which include, right to life, dignity and to be treated with respect (In Friberg In Creasia, 2016). The code of ethics directs nurses in daily choices thus supporting their denial to perform in activities that conflict with caring and healing. In the case study, the palliative care crew strived to guard the health and the safety of the patient. The nurses do not only focus on giving care to a patient but also to promote safety and protection as well as the rights of the patient (Butts Rich, 2016). In the case, Harry, being taken to the hospital against his will was to protect his health. Even though he had wished to remain at his home, the lack of an advanced care directive makes the palliative to focus on their actions and encounters with Harry Nelson. Therefore, their act drives protocols and promotes the wellbeing, protects his life (In Gerrish In Lathlean, 2015). Also in the code of ethics in the case study, the healthcare professionals conducted themselves professionally thus practicing care regardless of the unrestricted consideration, nature of health problem and Harry Nelson wish. Besides, the palliative crew owed Harry Nelson commitment of care. The ethical codes in nursing say that the nurses responsibility is foremost to their patients. Even though the crew was overcome by the considerable conflict, in the code of ethics, the nurse must always recall that their primary responsibility is to be an advocate to and for their patient and not any influence like in the insistence of Stacey Harry Nelson daughter. Professional Code of Conduct According to the International Patient Charter, codes sets out the customary of behavior that nurses are expected to maintain in their professional practice (Fowler American Nurses Association, 2015). The code of conduct advises nurses on what is expected of them. The codes are in line with the statutory to maintain the health and safety of patient (Sorkin, August, Fischer, 2017). According to the case study, the healthcare professionals acted in agreement with the code of conducts for nurses which include integrity, improving health and accountability (Waddill-Goad Sigma Theta Tau International, 2016). In the case study, the crew acted in full honor to safeguard the life of Harry. Also as the healthcare services are in agreement with promoting health. Therefore, the palliative care crew did just to take Harry in the hospital as the code of conduct acts nurses to support and empower those with chronic conditions. Besides accountability comes in when Stacey asks the crew to take her father for further treatment. The crew agrees since it is their duty to address peoples concerns. Other national and international Charters Other national healthcare charters like "you and Your Health Service" is created through efforts from many concerned individuals. The parties include advocacy groups, individual supporters who assist in the enhancement of the National policy for health services. The charter is an element of the program of quality enhancement initiatives developed to involve service users in influencing optimum healthcare (In Lundy, In Janes Lundy, 2016). The International Charter for Human Values in Healthcare is another healthcare charter. It is an inter-professional collaborative involving people globally working together to restore core human ethics to health care (Tobin, 2012). The human values consist of respect for people, integrity, justice, as well as a commitment to excellence. Ethical Theory Different ethical theories exist, and they are applied in different situations to help in healthcare professional thinking as well as making decisions. The theory of ethical principals is mostly used in approaching ethics in healthcare. The ethical principal is viewed as a tool of making a decision as well as solving problems, which is relinquished by appealing to good moral principles (Brixey et al., 2015). The theory emphasizes the four ethical healthcare principles, which are autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence. These principles are accepted in healthcare as they assist in providing sound moral reason while taking actions. This theory is increasingly acceptable as a reliable and practical framework for solving moral problems in health care. The principal ethical theory has therefore gained contemporary discussions on ethical issues in healthcare. Therefore, it is essential for nurses to have knowledge and understanding of this model. Conclusion In conclusion, it is essential for the healthcare professionals to have the full competence of the health care principles, code of ethics, as well as the code of conducts to help them in their professional practice. The principles of healthcare ethics can assist health care at the time of handing critically ill patients, as mostly they have to make decisions that are in agreement with promoting health and preventing harm in the patient. The commitments of the nurses in their care include providing safety, competent and ethical care. However, the healthcare professionals get frustrated in their efforts to enact their professional in the way that is acceptable to them. Due to that then ethical conflict is created. If however, palliative care crew like in the case study were not able to identify the ethical conflict and dilemma then they would not have been able to make any right decision and resolve the situation while as well building up of moral residue. References Brixey, J. J., Brixey, J. E., Saba, V., McCormick, K. (2015).Essentials of Nursing Informatics Study Guide. Butts, J. B., Rich, K. L. (2016).Nursing ethics: Across the curriculum and into practice. Burlington, MA : Jones Bartlett Learning In Friberg, E. E., In Creasia, J. L. (2016).Conceptual foundations: The bridge to professional nursing practice. Dossey, B. M., Keegan, L., In Barrere, C. (2016).Holistic nursing: A handbook for practice. Evans, D. R., Hearn, M. T., Uhlemann, M. R., Ivey, A. E. 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