Abortion and Virtue Ethics

Abortion and Virtue Ethics Abortion is one of those issues that force a person to take sides. There is no middle ground in this issue. The bone of contention centers on the meaning of human life because once it has been established, one can determine whether abortion is murder or another medical procedure.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Abortion and Virtue Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a procedure that a woman can avail because she owns her body, so the argument goes. Therefore, she has the right to terminate her pregnancy. This paper will examine the underlying issues regarding abortion and then, use virtue ethics to determine the best course of action. The Problem with Abortion At the most basic level abortion is the termination of pregnancy (Haney, p.10). This termination procedure can be performed in different ways but the end goal is the death of the fetus or embryo. It must be pointed out that abortion after the third tr imester of pregnancy is illegal. However, abortion prior to the third trimester is legal in many areas in the United States of America. The legal justification is based on a Supreme Court ruling in 1973 – Roe vs. Wade – wherein the Supreme Court Justices agreed that women have a choice regarding their pregnancy and if they want to terminate it or not. The opinion of the Supreme Court justices was based on the idea that pregnancy can be divided into trimesters (Payment, 44). They decided that a woman can chose to terminate the pregnancy and in effect kill the fetus or embryo as long as it is still within the first trimester. After the second trimester a woman can still choose to abort the fetus but the State has the right to impose restrictions. The State also has the option to make the procedure illegal in the final trimester. The main reason given can be summarized in the following statement: â€Å"The mother’s right to privacy becomes less important than the fetus’s right to life only when the fetus could possibly survive without the mother – at around six months† (Payment, p.44).Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the main reason why a woman can choose to end pregnancy is that she has full control of her body and the fetus. But in the third trimester the baby can live without the mother’s support and therefore it is considered murder. Those who support the right of a woman to an abortion even after the final trimester makes the assertion that the Constitution does not provide any legal rights for a child that is still within the mother’s womb. In other words a child has to be born first before he or she can enjoy the same rights as others. The logical explanation of legal experts in Roe vs. Wade is full of glaring weaknesses. For instance, legal experts are unable to prove beyond reasonabl e doubt that a three month old fetus does not have the capability to feel and hear the various biological stimuli that occurs outside the womb. In other words they have no way to determine if a three month old fetus is already a living being and should be treated the same way as a baby. Pro-life groups even insisted that a week old fetus must be considered â€Å"alive† and it is difficult to prove them wrong when technology enables people to hear the heartbeat of a fetus even when it is still a few weeks old. In other words there are so many things that are not yet known, now, what if the legal experts made a mistake? If legal experts made decisions based on incomplete information then members of pro-life groups are correct when they say that abortion is tantamount to murder. This is a serious charge. Murder must not be taken lightly especially when viewed from the perspective of a hapless human being trapped in the womb of a woman who can decide that this unborn child is an inconvenience that must be discarded. However, pro-choice groups made the counter-argument that a woman has control of her own body.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Abortion and Virtue Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This argument makes sense when a pregnancy threatens the life of a pregnant woman. There are also those who contend that rape victims who got pregnant as a result of the sexual assault must also have the right to abortion. It has been made clear that abortion is a polarizing issue. The pro-life groups have the right to contest the judgment made by the US Supreme Court because this is a nation established on the ideals of freedom and human rights. This is especially true for those who cannot fight for themselves. A fetus has no power over doctors and women who view them as inconveniences rather than human beings. Consider the fact that the United States government sends troops to fight for the op pressed, to break the stronghold of tyrants. It is therefore important to protect hapless fetuses and babies in this country. On the other hand this nation was also established on the principle that the law is based on reason and not emotion. When forced to choose between a woman’s life and a still unborn fetus, a doctor will not hesitate to choose the life of a dying mother. The choice is easier when it comes to the possibility that mother and child cannot survive if an abortion is not performed. But in most instances it seems that abortion is considered for no other reason except unwanted pregnancy. Virtue Ethics In a dilemma like this one it is helpful to have an ethical framework that can be used to determine the right course of action. It can be argued that in the case of abortion the best tool is virtue ethics. It is different from other moral theories because instead of focusing on duty, virtue ethics focuses on character (Darwall, p.1). Its emphasis is on how things s hould be instead of what has to be done (Darwall, p.1). It is about having the â€Å"appropriate inner states† (Athanassoulis, p.1). Instead of focusing on doing the right thing, this ethical framework enables the person to focus on a goal. The rationale of the goal makes the action right.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The goal must be the development of character and the appropriate inner state. These two must go together as one. By eliminating the need to perform a certain duty or to obey a particular set of rules, the anger and frustration felt by women who wanted abortion suddenly dissipates. There is less tension and there is less conflict because no one is forcing another person to adhere to a particular belief system. In the land of the free, human rights and the right to choose are sensitive topics. No matter how convincing the argument is with regards to scientific basis of abortion in the final trimester, there is no way that it can be used against pro-life groups. The same thing can be said for people who force their ideas on those who believe that a woman has the right to choose to end her pregnancy. Now, using virtue ethics, a woman contemplating abortion is asked to determine her life-goals in terms of character and having the right inner state. If the principles of virtue ethics are applied to this situation then the woman has to determine if abortion leads to character or a state of well-being that she will not regret for the rest of her life. In this stage of introspection – using the virtue ethics framework – it is possible that some of the women contemplating on terminating their pregnancy will come to realize that they wanted abortion for no other reason than to get rid of the fetus because it is an obstacle to financial and career success. These women are convinced that an unexpected pregnancy can derail their plans. But through the guidance of virtue ethics they will also realize that the reason why they were struggling with unwanted pregnancy is that they lead a promiscuous lifestyle. This awareness leads to another realization that terminating their pregnancy at this point in their lives does not guarantee that they will not need another abortion in the near future. The goal therefore is for them to alter their lifestyle and not to abort the fetus within their womb. Using the same ethical framework, there are women who will realize that another important thing to consider is not the inconvenience that an unwanted pregnancy brings but the long-term effects of abortion to their mind, body, and spirit. The goal is not just character but a healthy mind and inner-peace and these are more precious than anything else in the world. Consider for instance the phenomenon known as postabortion syndrome. It is a form of posttraumatic stress disorder â€Å"and its symptoms can include: a) anxiety, depression, suicidal feelings, difficulty sleeping, guild, a feeling of numbness and alcohol or drug abuse† (Haney, p.67). A woman can easily discard a fetus or full-term baby but the after effects of abortion can stay with her for the rest of her life. It is easy to understand why there is such a thing as a postabortion syndrome. A woman feels the living thing inside her. It is more dreadful if the fetus has become a baby after entering the final trimester of pregnancy. The woman already is well-acquainted with a full-grown fetus inside of her. Therefore, there is such a profound effect when she could feel the doctor’s tools forcing the fetus out of her body. The feelings are suppressed but the mind has a way of dealing with the stress and manifests itself into different forms of symptoms (Lee, p.25). It is critically important to consider both character and the inner-state of the woman. Discussion Virtue ethics is a perfect tool for analyzing a deeply polarizing issue like abortion. By using virtue ethics there is no need to force others to follow a certain path. By doing so every woman desiring to terminate pregnancy is given a choice. The ability to choose is not based on her desires but in accordance to the pursuit of character and inner-peace. Thus, there is freedom of choice and there is no room for regrets. In application the woman who wanted to get rid of the child she is carrying in her wo mb would have to think twice before deciding to terminate her pregnancy. But the woman who is fully convinced that her life is in danger can opt for abortion because she believes that the baby cannot survive without her. Thus, after the abortion there is no inner-struggle that can trigger a wave of depression and anxiety. The only weakness of virtue ethics is that it is dependent on the mindset and character of the person. It requires insight to know the value of character and inner-states – an ability absent in many people. Conclusion Virtue ethics is the best tool to use when it comes to dealing with abortion. The underlying issues of abortion are based on freedom of choice. However, this ethical framework reminds everyone that the freedom to choose is useless if the decisions made does not build character and help people become the best that they could be. The importance of virtue ethics is based on the fact that it helps guide women to do what is best for them without the feeling that they are being coerced to do something against their will. Athanassoulis, Nafsika. Virtue Ethics. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 7 July  2010 Web. https://www.iep.utm.edu/virtue/#SH2b. Darwall, Stephen. Virtue Ethics. MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. Haney, Johannah. The Abortion Debate: Understanding the Issues. NJ: Enslow Publishers, 2008. Lee, Ellie. Abortion, Motherhood, and Mental Health: New York:  Walter de Gruyter, Inc., 2003. Payment, Simone. Roe v. Wade: The Right to Choose. New York: Rosen Publishing.

Insights Offered by Shakespeares Macbeth Essays

Insights Offered by Shakespeares Macbeth Essays Insights Offered by Shakespeares Macbeth Essay Insights Offered by Shakespeares Macbeth Essay Macbeth, written by English playwright William Shakespeare, is a fictional play set during a deep Christian era, which focuses heavily on the life of Macbeth, a Scottish nobleman. Consistently throughout the play, a number of critical issues and themes are explored and reiterated with the clever use of language techniques and setting. On analysis of the patterns these themes and issues present, the responder is able to recognise a number of insights into the complex structure of human life and emotion. Furthermore, through investigation of Shakespeares time and audience, we can further understand the context of these insights and how they relate to present day. Ambition is essentially a positive human emotion, however it maintains the ability to manipulate personal decision and influence cause of action. Throughout the play, the power and control of ambition is notably the most crucial element in the development of the plot, and provides a fundamental insight into the manner human emotions operate. To begin Macbeth is initially portrayed as a noble and decent character before meeting the three witches. He is considered loyal to his king and is highly respected amongst his soldiers, For brave Macbeth- well he deserves that name- . Shakespeare characterises this dignified Macbeth through the use of powerful emotive language such as worthy gentle men and valiant cousin. However, upon meeting the witches and hearing the utterance of their prophecy All hail king thereafter, ambition begins to consume him, initiating his mental downfall. Shakespeare emphasises the effect of ambition over Macbeth when he contrasts the once heroic character as deceitful, false, avaricious and malicious. Not only to we see the controlling effect of ambition on Macbeth, but rather it is his wife who begins wild dreams of limitless control as ambition reveals a darker side of human nature. Lady Macbeth, constricted by this dark desire for power, aggressively persuades Macbeth into murdering King Duncan. We see Macbeth use ambition as a justification to himself when he declares Vaulting ambition, which oer leaps itself and falls on the other . Shakespeare’s inclusion of the term vaulting ambition demonstrates and emphasises the influence ambition can dictate over human action. Such wild ambition is presented in Macbeths soliloquy and metaphor Lifes but a walking shadow, which implies its inevitable and detrimental nature. Macbeth allows the responder to identify the manipulative nature and control ambition can hold over human emotion. It is through Shakespeares clever characterisation and use of language techniques that we can analyse the natural process of human emotion and how ambition can act as a catalyst for irrational human behaviour. As such, we establish a key insight into the impact of ambition on human emotion and the destructive and unethical behaviour that can result. In Macbeth, the Elizabethan world view and perception of natural order greatly influences the complex mechanics of the play. Shakespeare writes in a time where God’s order was assigned to all aspects of life, from kings to nobles, husband to wife, and men to women. If the natural order was altered, God would become displeased and society and nature would distort until order was inevitably returned to its natural state. The subversion of nature is presented consistently throughout Macbeth; in the tyranny and vicious nature of Macbeth, and also in the ambiguous and abnormal gender profile demonstrated by Lady Macbeth. The corruption of the natural order in Scotland commences upon Macbeths act of regicide and unjust ascension to kingship. Shakespeare effectively communicates the impact of such unnatural events through the use of powerful natural imagery. Subsequent to Macbeths murder of Duncan, Dunsinane is engulfed in a violent weather of storms and ferocious winds. Lenox describes the evening as, â€Å"The night has been unruly. Where we lay, Our chimneys were blown down and, as they say, Lamentings heard i th air† This use of symbolic imagery portrays how Scotland has been overwhelmed by sin. Lady Macbeth further provokes the unsettling of natural order when she begins to plot against the King. At this time, we see her gender ambiguity provoked when she exclaims â€Å"unsex me here, / And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty†. Macbeth become more passive as she begins to assume a more masculine role, and therefore, is subverting the Elizabeth natural order by denying her femininity. In the Elizabethan era, such an unstable and disturbed world was toxic. Inevitably we see the death of Macbeth and his wife as they succumb to the consequence of their actions. Order is finally restored to the land following Malcolms proper ascension to the throne, highlighting the significance of correct order and hierarchy to the Elizabethan Era. Shakespeare’s crucial involvement of natural order and Gods will is a powerful inclusion in the play. Through the use of powerful imagery and contrast, Shakespeare allows us to develop an insight into the importance of maintaining correct social order and the consequences of challenging it. In Macbeth, a number of key characters make decisions that result in harsh consequences. Shakespeare allows us to identify the connection between sinful actions and the subsequent guilt and consequence. Within the play, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are both totally consumed by guilt. Upon committing regicide, Shakespeare highlights the overriding guilt of their actions through the use of symbolic imagery. The image of blood is consistently repeated throughout the play and symbolises the unrelenting guilt staining the couple â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? This is further demonstrated in Act 5 Scene 1, where Lady Macbeths mental depreciation and thriving guilt is highlighted when she is presented with the illusion of bloodstained hands as she sleep walks in the night, all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Shakespeare also utilises setting well in many of the scenes to represent the evil pervading within the play and around the couple. Images of darkness and night help create this evil setting for the sin committed by Macbeth and his wife, let not light see my black and deep desires. Macbeth allows us to establish an understanding of the consequences of a persons action and the subsequent g uilt that follows. Accordingly, we are provided with an insight into the role of choices in human emotion and how a regrettable decision can bring with it not only cruel consequence, but unforgiving guilt. Shakespeares Macbeth explores several critical issues pertaining to the process of human life and society. Macbeth reflects on human attitudes and reinforces the challenges of human behaviour. The play reiterates the consequences that are linked to sinful action and the guilt that follows, the importance of order and structure in society, and the impact of ambition as a catalyst for irrational human behaviour. These issues provide us with key insights into the complex mechanics and structure of human emotion and society, enhancing our understanding of the play as a whole.

Applied Buyer Behaviour In Global Context Essay

Applied Buyer Behaviour In Global Context - Essay Example †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Introduction Snickers is a product name candy bar prepared by Mars, Incorporated. â€Å"Hungry? Why wait? Seize Snickers† (Sunshine 2013). These ads of Snickers seize the audience’s concentration through the use of: background, intellectual illustrations, and color subjects. In the November 2012 theme of Rolling Stone, Snickers permits readers to vigorously engage in their comedic ad, the advertisement first seizes the reader’s concentration by situating â€Å"You are not you when you are ravenous† as well as the utterances â€Å"Satisfies† wrong way up at the top hub of the page (Sunshine 2013). Right away I thought about the clout of food, exclusively the clout of chocolaty sweets. I then came to recognize that the circumstance sufficed as a support system to primarily let reader’s be acquainted with that the manufactured goods is worth the buy and will abscond them satisfied (Wilson 2012). Next, I observed the hub of the advertisement where I adage the visage of a man (Sunshine 2013). The man’s temper in the advertisement can be illustrated as gloomy because of the grimace he displays. In addition, the depiction also shows a delightful man with a Snicker under his visage along with the expression â€Å"Satisfies† (Wilson 2012). This man demonstrates the two in one association between a purchaser who has had a Snickers and a purchaser who has not had a Snickers (Sunshine 2013). The design allows the person who reads to presume that a solitary person has two diverse egos: happy and upset. I came to be familiar with a constant theme; Snickers want clients to know that you turn out to be a diverse person within yourself devoid of the immense ta ng of a Snicker (Wilson 2012). Who is the advert targeted at? Snickers Ad expressions campaign targets foragers so famished they cannot hex (Mercides 2013). Targeting misspelled key expressions has long been a line of attack in search engine optimization and referrals or pay-per-click marketing in order to incarcerate traffic that while it valor not have as numerous impressions, it can be over and over again cheaper than the suitably spelled term or easier to position for the phrase (Mercides 2013). However, Snickers has taken this stratagem to a whole innovative level, not only targeting misspelled keywords, but as well as using their ad duplicate to play on the verity that the entity misspelled what he or she was incisive for (Christo 2012). The ad is always targeting any internet user and any other working civilian (Mercides 2013). It may also target the television fans and sports viewers, snickers is one of the promoting beneficiaries in the sporting grounds (Mercides 2013). Wha t bland and services are been offered? Snickers provides certain varieties and bland such as snickers dark chocolate this entails of an extra measure of cocoa thus providing or explaining it is dark appearance (Lukas 2012, p. 123). There is also the snickers egg which is simply a chocolate covered egg containing both

PTLLS- Preparing to teach in the lifelong sector Essay

PTLLS- Preparing to teach in the lifelong sector - Essay Example Educational bodies and institutions have greatly increased these standards to ensure the growth of education standards in different markets. Apart from the growth in provision of education, the growth in this particular field has been visible in the training activities for teachers. Tutor training programs have been made more effective and simpler but with greater efficiency. In the words of Gearon (2002) training tutors has been made more of a social relation feature than a professional educational duty. As an English teacher there is specific training and teaching cycles that I need to adhere to. The paper will highlight the roles, responsibilities and boundaries of a teacher in an institution setting. The paper will also focus on the changes on these fields and their effect on the fields and their impact either negative or positive (Machin & Vignoles, 2005). Additionally, the paper will provide an insight to the roles of the LSIS, BIS and IFL in terms of professional development in education. The general of a teacher is provision of education to scholars depending on the guidelines provided. This role is specified by the specific subject is interested in Giddens & Griffiths (2006). As an English teacher my roles would be to equip my students with the appropriate skills of communicating in this particular language. This particular role is divided in sections depending on the level of teaching. This differs as per the stipulations provided in the curriculum. In different classes and grades the complexity of the curriculum elevates. These guidelines provide teachers with the required and appropriate mode of teaching languages. According to Giddens & Griffiths (2006), in teaching of languages tutors are trained to provide education depending on the maturity of their audience. With a lower grade, my main role would be to equip the students with the basic skills of writing and communicating in English.

Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Professional Development - Essay Example In addition, they should be able to set their objectives and strategies to achieve their targets. Therefore, students who are undertaking engineering courses should learn these skills during and after studies to perfect their careers (Blandford, 2012, p.47). Communication barrier and inability to plan their work and interact with others may paralyze the achievement in their targets. Communication Engineers interact with different people during their ordinary activities (Ritchie, 2007, 164). Therefore, they should possess different skills for sharing knowledge with their colleagues and clients in order to increase their work efficiency (Kalman, 2008, p. 156). I have interacted with my fellow students as their group leader during various discussions. I also chair various meetings with fellow engineers at different levels. In addition, I compile technical reports regarding various issues we discuss in our group meetings. This has equipped me with relevant skills for gathering informatio n and giving immediate response questions posed by group members. My weakness is in presenting those reports to my colleagues. I aspire to learn various techniques of addressing meetings using different presentation skills. I will achieve this by learning gradually from others and enriching my vocabularies and by requesting my colleagues to challenge me with questions regarding the presentations I make (Baillie and Moore, 2004, p. 181). Group activities are equipping students on various ways of acquiring information and addressing various issues which may affect their profession (Ritchie, 2007, 158). Therefore, this will help me to learn how interact with my colleagues effectively. Working with Others Engineers should be able to handle issues arising at work place. Therefore, since they deal with individuals from different background such as clients and workers, they should be able to reconcile them whenever there is a disagreement (Blandford, 2012, p.49). During training, they shou ld be able to share their ideas and respect views of others (Baillie, and Moore, 2004, p.182). So during group discussions, I share my views and argue decisively to influence my colleagues to side with my decisions. This is essential because, later in our profession some contractors may opt to use cheap materials to save cost. However, with these skills, I will be able to convince them apply appropriate process in order to produce quality work and balance with cost of providing quality work. In our discussion group, I always try to convince my colleagues to listen to my views (Baillie and Moore, 2004, p.178). I’m able to control my discussion group by resolving all disagreements. During our group discussions, I sometimes impose my suggestions on others and seek their support. By leading my fellow students in school, I have acquired skills to manage contractors and other workers as professional engineer. The major predicaments I have encountered as group leader is where group members have differing opinions from others. Sometimes none of those opinions seems to be right or wrong. Therefore, it becomes tough to create mutual agreement under such circumstances. Such issues may require additional time to look for amicable solution, which incorporates suggestions of each member. Improving Own Learning and Performance Engineers should be acquiring knowledge from time to time to ensure they keep abreast with emerging

Leadership in Mentoring Nursing Students

Leadership in Mentoring Nursing Students Management has been existed in our society since human beings began in the form of social organisation to achieve their goals, have become a significant part to our society and human activity. Management and leadership are clearly different, management is do things right and leadership is do the right thing, but both are equally important (Bennis, 1997). Therefore, the effective leaders and effective managers are required by the organisations, teams or groups to achieve the expected goals. Bennis (1994) defined management as a process of getting things done through others. This definition emphasizes that a manager to manage and organize a planning, assessment and assist the activities of others or subordinates. Bateman and Snell (2007) stated that four management functions: planning, organising, leading, and controlling are very valuable for professional practice. McKenna et al (2004) assert that effective leadership in practice is crucial for professional development and patients care enhancement. According to Marquis and Huston (2003), leadership is a process without threats and violence of empowering belief, persuading, moving and influencing another toward an objective. Dessler (2004) also defined leadership as a person influences others to willingly work toward a predetermined goal. However, Mintzberg (2004) assert that there are many views and definitions of leadership and makes leadership is complicated and confusing. Stanley (2009) defines and explores the health practice leadership as unifying people around values and then constructing the social world for others around those values and helping people to get through change. Leadership impact our daily and futures lives and very important in my clinical area to create an environment thats positive for relationship building and conducive to effective professional practice. Health professional such as nurses and AMO requires a strong, knowledgeable and consistent leader in quality professional practice environments to provide quality health services. Therefore, to achieve the requirements of professional practice and consumers requirements and expectations, its important for health professional to integrate leadership in health professional practice (Sofarelli and Brown, 1998). I will discuss and explore the theory of leadership in this paper when mentoring and encouraging staff and Assistant Medical Officer (AMO) to their career development, including further learning and leadership methods at Plaster Unit, and will implement this idea in my placement and appropriate use for my new task as a leader. My hospital is among the most famous teaching hospital in Malaysia which conduct education programs for medical, nursing and allied health science students. With over 11 years working experience and was promoted to Senior Assistant Medical Officer at Plaster Unit, Orthopaedic Department since January 2011. I have been appointed by head of Orthopaedic Department as manager, clinical instructor and mentor of Plaster Unit for new staff, medical and nursing students, particularly related to Plaster of Paris application. At the same time, I need to train and facilitate the department staff and newly AMO to update skills, knowledge and develop their further learning including mentoring programs. As a manager and instructor at Plaster Unit, I may be writing policies, assess, implement and promote policies, I might challenge the policy appears to be sensible and evaluate the policies. Good leaders were made rather than born. Good leaders must have the desire, willpower, and develops through lifelong learning process of educational, training and experiences (Jago, 1982). Taylor (2009) state that today health care operates in a rapidly growing environment where changes in leadership to be the main criteria for career development. Many different leadership theories have emerged and made based on previous theorists, but there are 8 major leadership theories; Great Man theory, Trait theory, Contingency theory, Situation theory, Behavioural theory, Participative theory, Transactional theory and Transformational theory. Burns (1978) have identified two types of leadership theories; transactional and transformational. Burns (1978) describes the transactional theory: leaders are just sitting towards the result, followers are directed to perform tasks and be appreciated by money or reward if the task is accomplished. In transformational theory, leaders see the relationship is very important, especially between leaders and followers. Mentoring relationships can develop the highest level of relationship between managers and subordinates (Graen Scandura, 1987). According to WhettonÂÂ   Cameron (2002), studies have shown that mentoring relationships have been increased career satisfaction, resiliency to stress, professional practice success and developing motivation. The initial concept of transformational leadership was introduced by Burns (1978); leaders and followers make each other to advance to a higher level of moral and motivation. Bass (1985) explains that the difference between transactional and transformational leadership is the ability of transformational leadership to motivate others to achieve goals more than what they wants. Transformational leadership has influenced me and mentoring program in plaster unit, it has motivated me and students to believe the vision and implement it to achieve goals. To be a trusted mentor and as a motivation , I am constantly learning and using advanced knowledge, my experience and skills to develop them as a successful professional through mentoring program. Transformational leadership occurs when leaders changes followers in three ways: the followers trusting the leader, performing behaviours that contribute to successfully of organisation objectives and get motivated to work at the highest level (Bass,1985). Schunk (2005) assert that motivation is a critical component of learning and professional development. I always have been motivated by the head of department and AMO supervisor to constantly improve the knowledge and skills, a nd this similarly methods are applied in mentoring program to the students and staff under my supervision. Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Further research has identified the type of leadership that is more specific, but a preliminary research by a team of researchers led by Kurt Lewin in 1939 is influenced and established the three main leadership styles; Autocratic, Democratic and Laissez-Faire. Autocratic leaders make decisions independently and are usually seen as controlling, bossy and dictatorial. Autocratic leadership best used in situations where lack of time to make decisions or leader is the most knowledgeable. Lewin et al (1939) found that the Democratic leadership is most effective leadership style. Democratic leaders offer guidance, participate in groups and encourage participation in the group, but retain the final decision-making process. Subordinates feel more involved in the group planning, more creative and motivated. While, researchers found that Laissez-Fair leadership is the least productiv e, where the Laissez-Fair leaders offer little or no guidance to subordinates and let them make their own decisions. Laissez-Faire leadership effectively used in situations that have members who are highly skilled, knowledgeable, motivated and able to work on their own. According to Lewin et al (1939), different leader lead differently, they can choose which style where appropriate and depending on the situation. Democratic leadership have been adopted in our department and mentoring program, all are encouraged and freely to give opinions and recommendations through department meetings, regular meetings and during weekly clinical area visits. I and AMO supervisor always offer guidance, participate in groups and encourage all AMO to involve in weekly discussions; it makes them feel involved in decision-making in Plaster Unit. Many researchers have shown that effective communication is closely related to the organisational successful and most important process of the management to run smoothly, to share information, decisions making and enhance the productive relationships with patients. According to Barret (2006), effective communication skills makes an effective leader; effective communication skills will build, enable and create understanding and trust that will encourage their subordinates to follow their leader. I believe that effective communication will help member to build trust, respect, facilitate learning, to understand the issues and make decisions for effective change and achieve goals. Shamir et al (1993) asserts that transformational leadership using communication to create a positive atmosphere and beneficial changes to their follower. When mentoring, I always encourage maximum interaction between mentor and learners to create more communication. Communication will be more effective if lead ers/mentor can be credible by his followers/mentee to create a positive ethos, because credibility is very important to inspire confidence and encourage followers to listen. Kouzes and Posner (1993) states that the most important things others follow someone is persons credibility. In summary, lifelong learning is very important for professional practice development, and better services to patients. Mentoring is a successful strategy to increase students academic success and professional careers (MacCallum Beltman, 2003). As a mentor and manager of Plaster Unit, I need to supervise, teach, provide skills and knowledge to newly AMO and students, and ensure the mentoring program is successful as expected objectives. Therefore, the skills of persuade and influence others is essential to gain trust and be accepted by students. Kram (1985) has outlined three key aspects of mentoring; mentoring-relationships, guidance for learning and mechanisms to achieve significant leadership development. Leadership development has become increasingly important and strategic imperative for private or public organisation (Leskiw and Singh, 2007). At my placement, mentoring program through transformational leadership has been recognized by the head of department and hospital management to produce a dedicated staff and good leaders, to provide quality services to our patients which are priority of our tasks. We believe that transformational leaders have competencies and expertise to constantly keep our department competitive. According to Raggins et al (2000), studies have shown that mentoring provides many benefits to facilitate the career development of employees. Advice, support and encouragement can be delivered by experienced professionals for the less experienced professionals through a mentoring program. Transformational leadership will be activated, and a positive work culture and subordinates career development can be promoted if leaders or manager served as a mentor (Scandura Williams, 2004). Bass and Avolio (1993) believes that vision communication and an emphasis on achieving organisational goals by building self-c onfidence of followers are among the major behaviour of transformational leader. Bass (1990) assert that the concept of transformational leadership and mentoring approach are same, both influences the career development, commitment, performance and satisfaction. However, according to Sosik and Godshalk (2000), when compared to transactional leadership, transformational leadership mentoring supervision is better and more effective. Bass (1990) explains that there are four main characteristics that distinguish transformational leaders from transactional leadership: Transformational leaders are characterized by idealised influence or charisma, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration. Mentoring will be more effective if those four characters of transformational leadership are present on mentor (Scandura Wlliams, 2004). Banerji and Krishnan (2000) asserts that charisma characteristics are the most important of transformational leadership. House (1977) explain that charismatic leaders have the characteristics of ability to communicate, inspire and motivate the employees, communication skills, self-confidence, ability to interpret and implement the organizational vision and ability to be enthusiastic to daily works. Therefore, I believe that transformational characteristics are important to achieve the department vision and self-improvement. Jung et al (2009) states that the characteristics of transformational leadership are often associated with many positive organizational outcomes and related to overall effectiveness of leadership. There is substantial evidence that transformational leadership will enhance the quality of health-care services to patients and reduce the negative impact on health professional, increase staff creativity and department innovation. As manager of plaster unit, I expect this leadership transformational benefits will make us more creative and able to adapt their skills and knowledge to the services and the best clinical outcomes for patients. In conclusion, this paper has highlighted the important issues of leadership that is needed for future practice development and how has affected the mentoring success. As health professionals who are concerned with career development and provide the best service to patients, it is important to explore and learn deeper about various leadership styles. Transformational leadership theory is advocated by many leadership thinkers as the best leadership approach to in the organization that allows employees to achieve their full potential (Taylor, 2009). Integrating mentoring and transformational leadership are crucial for health professional to get more effective leadership training (Scandura Williams, 2004). Therefore, organisations need to more improve mentoring and leadership training that will facilitate the development of transformational leaders and capable mentors.

Anywhere You Dare :: essays research papers

“Anywhere You Dare';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I first saw the Candies fragrance ad, I immediately had a perception of its entire meaning. It is interesting to see how the advertisers for this particular advertisement try to pull people in and buy their product. This ad is an example of the sexual influence on our society s marketing strategies. We tend to deny that sexual influence has become a mainstream market in our society but if you look through an every day magazine you begin to notice how extreme it really is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Candies advertisement that I chose, a model looking in to a cabinet in a bathroom. She stands wearing a black bra and bottom. Inside the cabinet are three full shelves of condoms. I noticed that there are a variety of colors and brands. In the center of the cabinet are two bottles of the fragrances. There is a light shining on them to make the product stand out in the entire advertisement. The expression on her face almost seems like an evil smirk.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I flipped through a magazine, this advertisement immediately caught my attention. My first belief of the marketer’s intentions was to give an idea that “if you wear their product, you can be with whomever you wish, anywhere you dare, and however many partners you desire.'; Of course, this was ridiculous to me, but it definitely caught my attention. It seems as if the condoms signify multiple partners. The fragrance is the “center of attention'; in the entire ad and you will be to if you us the product.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I asked a few people what it seemed like the advertisement meant and most of them had similar opinions to mine. The whole idea of a “sexy girl'; standing in front of three full shelves of condoms is pretty self-explanatory. What is interesting about this is that there are so many ways to advertise a fragrance, but marketers tend to use sexual concepts in the advertisements for fragrances. Using any type of sexual influence for an advertisement for teenagers can bring up some controversy. Many parents would believe that the ad is promoting teenagers to have sex, and therefore would not allow their daughters to purchase the product. Why is it that almost every ad that targets teenagers, seems to be about sex? I think it is because sexuality is a new thing to them and it always grabs their attention.

Schlafly’s Opinion on School to Work Programs

On September 4, 1997, Phyllis Schlafly wrote an article titled â€Å"School-to-Work Will Train, Not Educate. † The article discusses the cons of the school-to-work program and that states that it is portrayed as a â€Å"cradle to the grave. † The article says that the school-to-work program will train and not educate. Schlafly is the president of the Eagle Forum, a organization that stands for the fundamental right of parents to guide the education of their own children, thinks that â€Å"school-to-work is a direct threat to the individual student, his or her privacy, his or her goals and his or her acquisition of an education that can help him reach them. Schlafly†s opinion wrong and will not pass in today†s society. In Schlafly†s criticism, she states that the school-to-work program â€Å"deemphasizes or eliminates academic work and substitutes mandated vocational training to better serve the workforce. † She also says that â€Å"instead of the focus being on developing the child, the focus is on developing a labor force. † Schlafly thinks that school-to-work is training rather then education. In contrast to Schlafly, Olson says that school-to-work give students â€Å"motivation† which will help students because students in today†s society are not motivated enough. Surveys prove that students describe education as â€Å"boring. † Schlafly believes that the STW law stating that vocational training starts â€Å"at the earliest possible age†¦ † is wrong. The reason is that she believes that elementary or middle school children do not know what career they want to fulfill. The last point in Schlafly†s article is she states that â€Å"big businesses support school-to-work because they think that vocational courses in high school for illiterate or semi-illiterate students will train young Americans to compete in the global economy with people in the third world willing to work for 25 and 50 cents an hour. She is basically saying that big businesses are supporting school-to-work because they want some cheap labor. In conclusion to her article, Schlafly says that â€Å"all those who value freedom must defeat and defund school-to-work. † She thinks that school-to-work is oppressing the students from their freedom to learn and receive a good education. Schlafly†s article says that Marc Tucker†s plan for school-to-work is to â€Å"train children in specific jobs to serve the workforce and the global economy instead of educate them so they can make their own life choices. She also says that it is designed on the â€Å"German system. † Where did she get the idea that school-to-work is based on the â€Å"German system? † She does not know what she is talking about and the information she is spreading is invalid. She also states that the program is to â€Å"train† children but she also does not give the option of training and educating together. Olson shows how training and education goes together by showing kids why they have to learn and by creating a desire to learn. Schlafly is absolutely wrong about â€Å"training children. † Beginning school-to-work at the earliest age possible does not mean that elementary and middle school students are going to choose their lifetime career. Giving the children vocational training will give them an option in what they want to do in the future. Children will see if they like the field of training and study and decide whether or not they want to pursue that vocation in the future. In comparison to what Olson says, â€Å"school-to-work activities can provide choices and opportunities for young people, many of whom are not now well served y our education system. Schlafly says that â€Å"big businesses support school-to-work† because it will provide them with cheap labor. Where did Schlafly get this information? Throughout the whole article there is no proof of justifying this idea. She also mentions that governors support the program because â€Å"it gives them control of a pot of money for which they don†t have to account to the state legislature. † This statement also lacks evidence and cannot be used to prove that the program is a failure. School-to-work is not for businesses or governors, but rather for the children themselves and their goals for their future. Like Olson says, â€Å"school-to-work can encourage young people to pursue education and training beyond high school. † Is Schlafly criticism valid at all? Absolutely not, she bases her information on nothing, such as the â€Å"German system. † Schlafly proved that school-to-work is training for a lifetime career but this argument is wrong because training can also be compatible with education. Big businesses and governors may support school-to-work for cheap labor and for the money but there is no proof and even if there was any proof not all businesses and governors would think that way. Until Schlafly gives some proof to her information and can prove that training and education are not compatible, she is not to be taken seriously. School-to-work is a very good idea and to agreement with Olson, â€Å"done right school-to-work can be a powerful tool in the effort to achieve higher academic standards and a more educated citizenry.

Life in a Hi-Tech Society essays

Life in a Hi-Tech Society essays America is the first republic in the world. They announced their independence by the Declaration of Independence in july 4th 1776. They announced their philosophy as: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness."1 And now they are the super power of the world. Technology has a very important role in this progress of America. They invest a lot of money for technological developments. I think America is an excellent example to understand the importance of technology for a society. But despite all the progress in economics, military so on, American Society is not an ideal society. They have a lot of social problems which they cant prevent. Although America is the super power of the world by its hi-tech, they still cant solve all their problems. So is it enough for a society to be strong in economics, world policy or military, to be happy? A Short Review of American Progress: From a nation of farmers, the United States was changed by the usage of the machinery and progress in production with the Industrial Revolution. Since the 1870s America is the manufacturing leader of the world and leads the world in the production of steel, automobiles and other products. By the 1990s, many advances were made in chemistry, electronics and biotechnology and produced goods from semiconducto ...

The Little Prince essays

The Little Prince essays Finding what you truly desire is so hard to come by. The perfect pair of shoes, the top that fits you perfectly, and the job that will make you the most money are trivial to what is actually essential in life. So many people are searching for the things they feel are indispensable to living a happy life, sometimes forgetting what they really need. In the Little Prince, by Antoine De Saint-Exupery, the little prince points out, "People where you live," the little prince said, "grow five thousand roses in one garden... yet they don't find what they're looking for..." "They don't find it," I answered. "And yet what they're looking for could be found in a single rose, or a little water..." "Of course," I answered. And the little prince added, "But eyes are blind. You have to look with the heart" (71). As the narrator pulls the water up out of the well, and the pulley seems to sing to the little prince, the narrator realizes what the little prince was looking for by their journey through the desert. The little prince didnt need to quench his thirst, nor did he enjoy walking through the hot desert, he enjoyed the company and the occasion in which they walked together. The saunter they had, the song of the pulley, the effort to get the water was what the prince considered a gift. The experience of friendship and bonding is what the little prince had been looking for the entire time. The narrator, like most people, had to realize that individual tasks do not led to happiness in life, its all the moments as a whole, shared with family and friends that is one gift to one another. In life looking vaguely for what one sees is happiness is not uncommon. Feeling as though a hundred acquaintances are better than two close friends, or attending fine affairs where you are inconsequential are more important than personal birthdays at home. As the little prince states, "grow five thousand roses in one garden... yet they don't find...

Descriptive Statistics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Descriptive Statistics Paper - Essay Example In the preceeding page is a pie chart that shows a set of nominal data of respondents according to gender. Notice that there are more females (52%) than the male respondents (48%). This differences in frequency in terms of population may affect the the result of data. Based on models, the disparities can be due to related factors such as demographic data and skills of the workers (Autor, Katz and Kearney, 2008), that demographic as well as factors that are non-economic can greatly affect the wages. The second chart above reveals the average years of work experiences between males and females. There is difference in the said years of experience according to gender and this is reflected on the chart. More female was found to have higher work experiences (21.11%) than the males (19.74%). Figure 3 presents the box plot chart shows that average wage per industry in areas of construction ($ 42, 225.07), manufacturing ($26, 402.29) and others ($31, 347.88) have variations. For these industries, employees in the construction had the highest wages followed by those in the field of manufacturing and the rest of other industries. Finally, figure 5 below depicts the fact that men receive salary far from the amount received by females. Comparison can be considered serious due to the continuous increase in gap between the wages of the male and female members of the workforce (Welch, 2000). The said study presents one of the specific problematic areas related to wage and wage earners. Welch, F. (2000). Women’s Labor-Market Gains in the 1980’s and Future Prospects: Growth in Women’s Relative Wages and in Inequality among Men: One Phenomenon or Two? AEA Papers and Proceedings, 90 (2),

Graduating School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Graduating School - Essay Example The latter are considered to be more value-laden than simple provisions in a code. This is important to remember. But different sources have different values. One source of professional values and ethics is a code of conduct. Another is the organic behaviour of those who work around you—this is a difficult source to define. This can be good and bad. If you work in a police station where people are corrupt, being ethically purse might help you if you rely on your corrupt boss to promote you. A third source is what you bring to the table, how you yourself have been raised. You contribute your own ethics and values to the group with which you work. Perhaps at the police station you can set a very high standard as a role model and encourage people to follow your example. In my life, I have thought long and hard about why we need ethics. Ethics bind people together. They let the cream rise to the top. In today's world ethical relativism dominates so it is important to have codes th at are carefully written down and that are exhaustive and detailed. What is ethical relativism? This is a position believes that no universal standard exists to assess the truth of the world around us. Relativists often see morals as applying only within certain cultures. These people would say that female genital mutilation is okay because it is a cultural practice and an important to a particular culture.